Recombinant plant viral vectors

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are nucleic acid vectors which comprise: (a) a transfer nucleotide sequence comprising (i) a plant active promoter, operably linked to (ii) a recombinant tobacco rattle virus (TRV) cDNA (preferably derived from TRV RNA2) which includes at least cis acting elements permitting replication of the cDNA; a subgenomic promoter operably linked to a sequence encoding a TRV coat protein; and a heterologous nucleotide sequence which is foreign to the virus;(b) border sequences which permit the transfer of the transfer nucleotide sequence into a plant genome. Such vectors may be used as expression vectors or for achieving viral induced gene silencing (VIGS) of a target gene, wherein the heterologous nucleotide sequence is a targeting sequence which corresponding to that gene. Example vectors include pTV00 and vectors which are derived from PTV00 and have the characteristics thereof. Also disclosed are associated processes, methods, viruses or viral particle, kits, host cells and plant tissues.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to recombinant plant viral nucleic acids, and methods of use thereof.

PRIOR ART

Recombinant plant viral nucleic acids are of interest generally for their utility as expression vectors in plants.

Additionally, such nucleic acids can be used to initiate virus induced gene silencing (VIGS). This phenomenon is based on the observation that virus infection in plants can initiate sequence-specific nucleic-acid based defence mechanisms that resemble either transcriptional, or post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) (Covey, Al-Kaff 1997; Ratcliff, Harrison et al. 1997; Al-Kaff, Covey et al. 1998). PTGS is also manifest as an inhibition of nuclear gene expression when a virus is modified to carry sequence from a nuclear expressed gene (Kumagai, Donson et al. 1995; Kjemtrup, Sampson et al. 1998; Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998). PTGS can also cause recovery from viral infection when a plant expressing a transgene derived from viral cDNA is infected by a homologous virus (Lindbo, Silva-Rosales et al. 1993; Guo and Garcia 1997). Both the inhibition of nuclear gene expression, and recovery from viral infection are caused by sequence-specific RNA degradation.

Because modified viruses inhibit the expression of homologous plant genes, VIGS can be used to induce an apparent null-phenotype or a loss of function and therefore identify the function of any gene. Viruses that have been modified in this manner include tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Kumagai, Donson et al. 1995) potato virus X (PVX) (Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998), and tomato golden mosaic virus (Kjemtrup, Sampson et al. 1998).

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is concerned with novel recombinant plant viral nucleic acids.

In preferred forms the present invention is concerned with providing VIGS-based methods and materials which may be more suitable as a tool for functional genomics than those which have been used in the past. For instance TMV, PVX and TGMV infections cause significant symptoms, such as a chlorosis, leaf-distortion and necrosis. Phenotypes caused by VIGS of a plant gene can therefore be hard to differentiate from these viral symptoms. Secondly, like most viruses, TMV, PVX and TGMV form mosaic, vein-based infections, and therefore do not cause confluent VIGS across the whole leaf. Leaves may therefore contain a mixture of cells with and without VIGS, complicating interpretation of any phenotype. Thirdly, TMV, PVX and TGMV do not infect meristems (Matthews 1991) and can not therefore inhibit expression of genes that determine the identity and development of plant tissue. Finally, although the first plant genome to be fully sequenced will be that of Arabidopsis thaliana, TMV, PVX and TGMV vectors do not infect this plant. Therefore the potential of VIGS to identify gene function in Arabidopsis is limited with available technology. A VIGS vector which overcame one or more of these drawbacks would therefore represent a contribution to the art.

The present inventors have developed novel recombinant cDNA viral constructs based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV) which in preferred forms are particularly adapted for use with VIGS. Such vectors may induce few or no symptoms, cause confluent VIGS across the leaf, operate in Nicotiana species and in Arabidopsis, and inhibit gene expression in meristems.

A viral expression vector based on TRV has previously been described in which non-viral proteins were expressed from a sub-genomic promoter (Ratcliff, MacFarlane et al. 1999). The viral RNA was synthesised in vitro and then inoculated into the plant. The TRV vectors of the present invention include inter alia modifications to facilitate both the insertion of plant gene sequences and the it subsequent infection of plants. Other TRV based vectors are disclosed by Hamilton & Baulcombe (1989) J. Gen. Virol 70: 963-968 and Mueller et al (1997) J. Gen. Virol 78: 2085-2088.

Thus in a first aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a nucleic acid vector which comprises:

(a) a transfer nucleotide sequence comprising (i) a plant active promoter, operably linked to (ii) a recombinant tobacco rattle virus (TRV) cDNA which includes at least cis acting elements permitting replication of said cDNA; a subgenomic promoter operably linked to a sequence encoding a TRV coat protein; and a heterologous nucleotide sequence which is foreign to said virus;

(b) border sequences which permit the transfer of the transfer nucleotide sequence into a plant cell nucleus.

The transfer nucleotide sequence is situated between the border sequences and is capable of being inserted into a plant genome under appropriate conditions. Generally this may be achieved by use of so called “agro-infiltration” which uses Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation. Briefly, this technique is based on the property of Agrobacterium tumafaciens to transfer a portion of its DNA (“T-DNA”) into a host cell where it may become integrated into nuclear DNA. The T-DNA is defined by left and right border sequences which are around 25 nucleotides in length. In the present invention the border sequences are included around the transfer nucleotide sequence (the T-DNA) with the whole vector being introduced into the plant by agro-infiltration, optionally in the form of a binary-transformation vector.

By “plant active promoter” is meant a sequence of nucleotides from which transcription may be initiated of DNA operably linked downstream (i.e. in the 3′ direction on the sense strand of double-stranded DNA). “Operably linked” means joined as part of the same nucleic acid molecule, suitably positioned and oriented for transcription to be initiated from the promoter. Nucleic acid operably linked to a promoter is “under transcriptional initiation regulation” of the promoter.

The cDNA includes cis acting elements permitting replication of said cDNA. However the vector need not include all of the sequence required to replicate and move within the plant. The vectors of the present invention will generally require supplementary proteins and/or nucleic acids from TRV in order to achieve this. Thus the cDNA may correspond to part of TRV RNA 2, and will thus require proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 for replication.

The TRV coat protein (as with other defined or recited sequences herein) need not be ‘wild-type’, but may optionally be a variant (e.g. mutant, or other variant, or a substantially homologous derivative) provided that its function (to encapsulate and permit movement of the TRV genome) is not negated. By “Substantially homologous” is meant that the sequence in question shares at least about 70%, or 80% identity, most preferably at least about 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity with the reference sequence. Identity may be at the nucleotide sequence and/or encoded amino acid sequence level. Homology may be over the full-length of the relevant sequence shown herein (e.g. in the sequence Annex) or may be over a part of it. Identity may be determined by the TBLASTN program, of Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-10, or BestFit, which is part of the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, September 1994, (Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA, Wisconsin 53711). Preferably sequence comparisons are made using FASTA and FASTP (see Pearson & Lipman, 1988. Methods in Enzymology 183: 63-98). Parameters are preferably set, using the default matrix, as follows: Gapopen (penalty for the first residue in a gap): −12 for proteins/−16 for DNA; Gapext (penalty for additional residues in a gap): −2 for proteins/−4 for DNA; KTUP word length: 2 for proteins/6 for DNA.

The heterologous nucleotide sequence is foreign (non-native) to TRV, which is to say that it does not occur naturally in the TRV viral genome at the position in which it is present in the VIGS vector. The sequence will generally be either a cloning site (to permit the insertion of a desired sequence) or a desired sequence itself.

Some preferred embodiments of the invention will now be discussed.

Vector

This is preferably based on plant binary transformation vector pGreen (see Materials and Methods below). The vector may be an expression vector (for transcription of a desired sequence, which may then be translated). Alternatively (and preferably) the vector is a “VIGS vector”, by which is meant one which is adapted to cause or permit virus induced gene silencing of a desired target nucleotide sequence corresponding to a sequence included in the vector.

Nucleic acid vectors according to the present invention may be provided isolated and/or purified, in substantially pure or homogeneous form, or free or substantially free of other nucleic acid. The term “isolated” encompasses all these possibilities.

Generally speaking, in the light of the present disclosure, those skilled in the art will be able to construct vectors according to the present invention. Such vectors may include, in addition to the promoter, a suitable terminator or other regulatory sequence such as to define an expression cassette consisting of the recombinant TRV cDNA and the heterologous nucleotide sequence. For further details see, for example, Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual: 2nd edition, Sambrook et al, 1989, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Many known techniques and protocols for manipulation of nucleic acid, for example in preparation of nucleic acid constructs, mutagenesis, sequencing, introduction of DNA into cells and gene expression, and analysis of proteins, are described in detail in Protocols in Molecular Biology, Second Edition, Ausubel et al. eds., John Wiley & Sons, 1992. Specific procedures and vectors previously used with wide success upon plants are described by Bevan, Nucl. Acids Res. (1984) 12, 8711-8721), and Guerineau and Mullineaux, (1993) Plant transformation and expression vectors. In: Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (Croy RRD ed) Oxford, BIOS Scientific Publishers, pp 121-148.

Plant Promoter

Suitable promoters will be well known to those skilled in the art and include the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV 35S) gene promoter that is expressed at a high level in virtually all plant tissues. The promoter may in principle be an inducible promoter such as the maize glutathione-S-transferase isoform II (GST-II-27) gene promoter which is activated in response to application of exogenous safener (WO93/01294, ICI Ltd). The GST-II-27 gene promoter has been shown to be induced by certain chemical compounds which can be applied to growing plants. Another suitable promoter may be the DEX promoter (Plant Journal (1997) 11: 605-612).

Recombinant TRV cDNA

This is preferably based on a modified, reduced, cDNA clone of TRV RNA2. In the Examples herein the strain used is ppk20. However any appropriate strain, which can give rise to replicating, infectious viral transcripts, could be used (see e.g. Macfarlane, 1999 for further examples).

Within the cDNA it is preferable that non-essential ORFs or other sequences are deleted, provided that the cDNA can still be used to generate replicating, infectious transcripts. Preferably, where the cDNA is based on TRV RNA2 of ppk20, two open reading frames (37K and 32.8K) are deleted to leave only the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and the viral gene encoding the coat-protein. The deleted ORFs are replaced by a heterologous nucleotide sequence between the coat protein and the untranslated region (UTR). The sequence is shown in the Sequence appendix (No. 1). Naturally substantially homologous variants of the sequence are also included within the scope of the invention. In particular, vectors derived from pTV00 and having the characteristics (described herein) of that vector, are also embraced.

Vectors based on TRV RNA2 require proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 for replication, which can be achieved as described below.

Heterologous Nucleotide Sequence.

This can in principle be a single or multiple cloning site (i.e. a sequence encoding two or more restriction endonuclease target sites) to facilitate the incorporation of a desired nucleotide sequence.

For expression vectors according to the present invention, the sequence will generally include or be operably linked to a subgenomic promoter which is recognised by a TRV-effective replicase (e.g. the PEBV CP subgenomic promoter) and an ORF sequence which it is desired to express and which is therefore transcribed as a subgenomic RNA.

For VIGS vectors the sequence will be a “targeting sequence” which corresponds to a sequence in a target gene, either in the sense or anti-sense orientation, or a sequence which has sufficient homology to a target sequence for down-regulation of expression of the target gene to occur. Such a targetting sequence may be included in the vector anywhere in the viral cDNA irrespective of the location of any subgenomic promoter (provided it does not interfere with the cis-acting replication elements or the coat protein). Generally speaking it will be preferable for VIGS vectors according to the present invention not to include a subgenomic promoter within or operably linked to the heterologous gene sequence. Such preferred vectors have the advantage that they are more stable (reduced likelihood of self-recombination) that those of the prior art such as those described by Ratcliff, MacFarlane et al. (1999) supra which had more than one subgenomic promoter.

In general the targeting sequence may be derived from a plant nuclear gene or transgene, or a gene on an extrachromosomal element such as a plastid.

VIGS is particularly preferred for investigating gene function in that it can be used to impose an intermediate or a null phenotype for a particular gene, which can provide information about the function of that gene in vivo. In such cases the targeting sequence may not be known, but the methods of the present invention may be used to identify it with a particular phenotype.

The complete sequence corresponding to the coding sequence (in reverse orientation for anti-sense) need not be used. For example fragments of sufficient length may be used. It is a routine matter for the person skilled in the art to screen fragments of various sizes and from various parts of the coding sequence to optimise the relationship between target and targeting sequence. It may be preferable that there is complete sequence identity between the targeting sequence in the vector and the target sequence in the plant, although total complementarity or similarity of sequence is not essential. One or more nucleotides may differ in the targeting sequence from the target gene. Thus, a targeting sequence employed in a construct in accordance with the present invention may be a wild-type sequence (e.g. gene) selected from those available, or a substantially homologous mutant, derivative, variant or allele, by way of insertion, addition, deletion or substitution of one or more nucleotides, of such a sequence. Such a sequence need not include an open reading frame or specify an RNA that would be translatable.

A further possibility is to target a conserved sequence of a gene, e.g. a sequence that is characteristic of one or more genes in one or more pathogens against which resistance is desired, such as a regulatory sequence.

Other aspects of the invention will now be discussed.

One aspect of the present invention is a process for producing a vector as described above, the process being substantially as set out in the Examples hereinafter. A further aspect is a process for producing a vector as described above, which process comprises the step of cloning a heterologous nucleotide sequence which is a targeting sequence into the vector.

Thus one aspect of the present invention includes a method of silencing a target gene in a plant tissue using VIGS which method comprises the steps of introducing a vector as described above into the plant, wherein said vector includes a heterologous nucleotide sequence which is a targeting sequence.

“Plant tissue” is any tissue of a plant in planta or in culture, including the whole plant an organ thereof, a cutting, or any group of plant cells organised into a structural and functional unit.

“Silencing” is a term generally used to refer to suppression of expression of a gene. The degree of reduction may be so as to totally abolish production of the encoded gene product, but more usually the abolition of expression is partial, with some degree of expression remaining. The term should not therefore be taken to require complete “silencing” of expression. It is used herein where convenient because those skilled in the art well understand this.

The method may be preferably used to cause confluent VIGS of the target gene across a whole leaf and/or to silence a target gene in meristematic tissue.

As discussed above, for introduction into the plant, the vector may be in the form of an Agrobacterium binary vector. The vector is introduced into the plant cell by Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transfer, the transfer sequence may be integrated transiently into the plant (cell) genome, and is then transcribed to RNA from the plant promoter. In the published vector of Ratcliff, MacFarlane et al. (1999), the viral cDNA and any cDNA inserted after the sub-genomic promoter was transcribed to infectious RNA in vitro by T7 RNA polymerase and subsequently introduced into the plant.

TRV RNA 2 and all derived constructs require proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 for replication within and movement though out the plant. TRV RNA1 infections can be initiated either by rub-inoculating the plant with purified RNA 1 (Matthews 1991), or by transient Agrobacterium mediated expression in the plant of the plasmid pBINTRA6, which contains a CaMV 35S driven infectious clone of TRV PPK20 RNA 1 (see Materials and Methods).

The present invention may particularly be applied in plants which are natural hosts (compatible with) TRV. By “compatible” is meant capable of operating with the other components of a system, in this case TRV must be capable of replicating in the plant in question. These include Arabidopsis thaliana. Others include (but are not limited to) Allium cepa; Amaranthus caudatus; Amaranthus retroflexus; Antirrhinum majus; snap-dragon; Arachis hypogaea; Avena sativa; Bellis perennis; Beta vulgaris; Brassica campestris; Brassica campestris ssp. napus; Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis; Brassica juncea; Calendula officinalis; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Capsicum annuum; Catharanthus roseus; Cheiranthus cheiri; Chenopodium album; Chenopodium amaranticolor; Chenopodium foetidum; Chenopodium quinoa; Coriandrum sativum; Cucumis melo; Cucumis sativus; Glycine max; Gomphrena globosa; Gypsophila elegans; Helianthus annuus; Hyacinthus; Hyoscyamus niger; Lactuca sativa; Lathyrus odoratus; Linum usitatissimum; Lobelia erinus; Lupinus mutabilis; Lycopersicon esculentum; Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium; Melilotus albus; Momordica balsamina; Myosotis sylvatica; Narcissus pseudonarcissus; Nicandra physalodes; Nicotiana benthamiana; Nicotiana clevelandii; Nicotiana glutinosa; Nicotiana rustica; Nicotiana sylvestris; Nicotiana tabacum; Nicotiana edwardsonii; Ocimum basilicum; Petunia hybrida; Phaseolus vulgaris; Phytolacca americana; Pisum sativum; Raphanus sativus; Ricinus communis; Salvia splendens; Senecio vulgaris; Solanum melongena; Solanum nigrum; Solanum tuberosum; Spinacia oleracea; Stellaria media; Trifolium pratense; Trifolium repens; Tropaeolum majus; Tulipa; Vicia faba; Vicia villosa; Viola arvensis.

Target genes include those which confer ‘unwanted’ traits in the plant and which it may therefore be desired to silence using VIGS. Examples include ripening specific genes in tomato to improve processing and handling characteristics of the harvested fruit; genes involved in pollen formation so that breeders can reproducibly generate male sterile plants for the production of F1 hybrids; genes involved in lignin biosynthesis to improve the quality of paper pulp made from vegetative tissue of the plant; gene silencing of genes involved in flower pigment production to produce novel flower colours; gene silencing of genes involved in regulatory pathways controlling development or environmental responses to produce plants with novel growth habit or (for example) disease resistance; elimination of toxic secondary metabolites by gene silencing of genes required for toxin production.

A further aspect provides a process which includes introducing the vector into a plant, optionally including the further step of introducing a source of proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 into the plant.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a method which includes causing or allowing transcription from a construct as disclosed within the genome of a plant cell to produce a cytoplasmically-replicating RNA.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a method of reducing or suppressing or lowering the level of a target gene in a plant cell, the method including causing or allowing transcription from a vector as disclosed above.

In preferred forms the present invention is concerned with providing VIGS-based methods are useful in functional genomics. Thus in one aspect of the present invention, the target gene may be of unknown phenotype, in which case the VIGS system may be employed to analyse the phenotype by generating a widespread null (or nearly null) phenotype. The target gene may be essential, which is to say that the null phenotype is lethal to the cell or tissue in question.

This aspect of the invention may comprise a method of characterising a target gene comprising the steps of:

(a) silencing the target gene in a part or at a certain development stage of the plant using the TRV VIGS system described above,

(b) observing the phenotype of the part of the plant in which or when the target gene has been silenced.

Generally the observation will be contrasted with a plant wherein the target gene is being expressed in order to characterise (i.e. establish one or more phenotypic characteristics of) the gene.

The advantage of the TRV system over certain prior art constructs is discussed above. There are also several advantages of the current method over alternative methods in which the targeted gene is inactivated by insertional or other mutagenic procedures. The advantage over mutagenic procedures applies when there is more than one homologous gene carrying out the role of the target gene. Mutagenic procedures will not normally reveal a phenotype in that situation. A second situation where the current invention has advantage over both mutagenic and unregulated gene silencing procedures applies when the target gene has a lethal phenotype. The controllable attribute of the gene silencing will allow the phenotype of such genes to be investigated and exploited more efficiently than using the alternative methods available prior to the disclosure of the current invention.

Nor, for the identification of endogenous genes, would it be necessary to try and generate a transgenic plant in which gene silencing is already activated to observe the effect.

In a further aspect there is disclosed a method of altering the phenotype of a plant comprising use of the silencing method discussed above. Traits for which it may be desirable to change the phenotype include the following: colour; disease or pest resistance; ripening potential; male sterility.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a virus or viral particle including, preferably encapsulating, a vector (or transcript from the expression cassette in the vector) according to the present invention.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a kit comprising a vector as described above, plus a source of TRV RNA1 polypeptide or vector encoding the same (e.g. pBINTRA6).

In a further aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a host cell including a vector according to the present invention. These may be plant cells, or may be microbial (particularly bacterial and especially Agrobacterium) cells.

In a further aspect there is disclosed a plant, or plant tissue, including, or transiently transformed by, a vector of the present invention.

The invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting Figures and Examples. Other embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art in the light of these.

FIGURES

FIG. 1; Schematic illustration of the cloning steps to produce pTV00. 35S is the CaMV 35S promoter; 37K and 32.8K are the open reading frames for the 37K and 32.8K proteins; UTR is the untranslated region; Nos is the nopaline synthase transcriptional terminator; RB is the right border; LB is the left border.

FIGS. 2A-2B A; Schematic drawing of TRV RNA1; 5′ UTR and 3′ UTR are the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions respectively; Rep 134 K is the 134 KDa replicase protein; Rep 194 K is the 194 KDa read-through replicase protein; MP is the movement protein; 16 K is the 16 KDa protein. B; The relative positions of the PCR1 and PCR2 cDNA fragments.

FIG. 3. Schematic illustration of the cloning strategy for pBSTRF16.

FIG. 4. Schematic representation of the cloning strategy for the introduction of intron 3 from A. thaliana NIA1 gene to TRV RNA 1, to obtain pBSTRA3. INT is NIAl gene intron 3.

FIG. 5. Schematic representation of pBINTRA6. LB and RB respectively are the left border and right border of pBINTRA6 T-DNA.

SEQUENCE APPENDICES

1. The full sequence of pTV00.

2. PEBV promoter sequence.

3. N. benthamiana pds cDNA fragment.

4. A. thaliana pds cDNA fragment.

5. N. benthamiana rubisco cDNA fragment.

6. GFP (PCR amplified).

7. N. benthamiana NFL cDNA fragment.

8. The full sequence of pBINTRA6.

EXAMPLES General Materials and Methods

All DNA modifications and digestions were performed using enzymes according to the manufacturers' instructs and following protocols described by Sambrook et al. (Sambrook, Fritsch et al. 1989).

The TRV vector PTV00 was derived from pCaK20-2T7, a previously described clone of TRV RNA2 (Hernandez, Mathis et al. 1995). pCaK20-2T7 contains a full-length cDNA of TRV strain PPK20 RNA2 cloned between the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the Nos terminator.

For the construction of pTV00 two fragments of pCaK20-2T7 were cloned into the binary plant transformation vector pGreen0000 (described below). The first fragment, of 1536 bp, included the CaMV 35S promoter, and cDNA sequence encoding the TRV RNA2 5′ untranslated region and coat protein. This fragment was released by digesting pCaK20-2T7 with Bgl II, treating with T4 DNA polymerase , and subsequently digesting with Sac II. The resulting fragment was ligated into the binary plasmid pGreen 0000 that had been cut with Xba I, blunted with T4 DNA polymerase and digested with Sac II, to form the plasmid pGreen35Sorf1.

The second fragment of pCaK20-2T7, containing the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of TRV RNA2 and the Nos terminator, was released by digestion with BbsI and FspI and then blunted with T4 DNA polymerase. This 835 bp fragment was ligated into pGreen35Sorf1 at an Fsp I site, to form pTV00. The full sequence of pTV00 is given in Appendix 1. A schematic illustration of the cloning procedure is shown in FIG. 1.

These cloning steps had three purposes. Firstly, the TRV RNA 2 cDNA clone was introduced to the T-DNA of a plant binary-transformation vector. This allows Agrobacterium mediated-infection of TRV RNA 2 without the need for in vitro transcription as previously described for another TRV RNA2 clone (Ratcliff, MacFarlane et al. 1999). The second effect of these cloning steps was to remove the cDNA sequences that encode the 37K and 32.8K proteins. These proteins are dispensable for TRV infection, and are required for transmission of TRV by nematode vectors (MacFarlane 1999). The third effect was to introduce 12 unique restriction enzyme sites into the genome of the TRV RNA 2. This multiple cloning site (MCS) is more convenient for the insertion of novel sequences to TRV RNA 2 than the single restriction enzyme site present in the previously described TRV RNA 2 vector (Ratcliff, MacFarlane et al. 1999).

A 409 bp cDNA fragment of pds was PCR amplified from N. benthamiana cDNA using Taq DNA polymerase and the primers 5′ ggcactcaactttataaacc and 5′ cttcagttttctgtcaaacc. This pds cDNA fragment (Appendix 3) was cloned into the Sma 1 sites of pTV00 and into pGR107, to form pTV.pds and pGR107. pds respectively.

For construction of pTV.apds a 1.7 kb fragment of the pds gene was PCR amplified from A. thaliana cDNA using Taq DNA polymerase and the primers 5′ cccctcgagagatgtcaaatc (SEQ ID No: 3) and 5′ cccctcgaggcactttcatctgg (SEQ ID No: 4). This A. thaliana pds cDNA fragment (Appendix 4) was cloned into pTV00 at the Sma 1 site.

A 500 bp cDNA fragment of the rubisco small sub-unit was PCR amplified from N. benthamiana cDNA using Taq DNA polymerase and the primers 5′ cagtctagatggcttcctcagttctttcc (SEQ ID No: 5) and 5′ cagggatcccacttgacgcacgttgtc (SEQ ID No: 6) . This rubisco cDNA fragment (Appendix 5) was cloned into the Sma 1 sites of PTV00 and pGR107 to form pTV.rubisco and pGR107.rubisco respectively.

A 321 bp fragment corresponding to the 3′ end of GFP (designated P) was PCR amplified using Taq DNA polymerase and the primers 5′ aacatcctcggcccacaagtt (SEQ ID No: 5) and 5′ gagctcttagagttcgtcatg(SEQ ID No: 8). This fragment (Appendix 6) was cloned into the Sma 1 sites of pGR107 and pTV00 to form pGR107.P and pTV.P respectively.

421 bp cDNA fragment of the NFL gene was PCR amplified from N. benthamiana using Taq DNA polymerase and the primers 5′ tggacccagaggctttctc (SEQ ID No: 9) and 5′ cttcttgtgagagagcgtca (SEQ ID No: 10). This NFL cDNA fragment (Appendix 7) was cloned into pGR107 and pTV00 at the Sma 1 sites to form pGR107.NFL and pTV.NFL respectively.

pBINTRA6, a full length infectious clone of TRV (strain PPK20) RNA1, was constructed as follows.

Total RNA was prepared from TRV (strain ppk20) infected N. benthamiana plants as previously described (Devic, Jaegle et al. 1989). Full length cDNA corresponding to TRV RNA1 was prepared from this RNA using Superscript Reverse Transcriptase (Gibco) and the primer TRV2 5′ ggggggatccgggcgtaataacgcttacg3′ (SEQ ID No: 11) which anneals to the 3′ end of TRV RNA1. A schematic drawing of TRV RNA1 is shown in FIG. 2. All primers in this work were derived from the sequence of a closely related TRV strain SYM (Hamilton, Boccara et al. 1987) The full-length cDNA was used as a template for PCR amplification of two overlapping fragments, PCR1 and PCR2, which together cover all of TRV RNA1.

PCR1, a 3.2 kb fragment, was amplified using Expand HiFi polymerase (Roche). The primers were: TRV1 ′ ggggggatccataaaacatttcaatcctttg3′ (SEQ ID No: 12) (which anneals to positions 1-21 of TRV) and TRV4U 5′ ttagcaccagctatctgagcgc3′ (SEQ ID No: 13) positions 3168-3189). PCR2, a 4.1 kb product, was also amplified using Expand HiFi polymerase (Roche) and the primers TRV4D 5′ gttccaaccagacaaacgtatgg3′ (SEQ ID No: 14) (positions 2698-2720) and TRV2 (see above).

PCR1 and PCR2 share a 491nt overlap in the replicase open reading frame (ORF). The primers TRV1 and TRV2 contain BamHI sites to allow cloning of the full-length product (FIG. 2). PCR2 was blunt-ended using T4 DNA polymerase, digested with BamHI, and cloned into the plasmid pBAC/SacBl (Bendahmane, Kanyuka et al. 1999) which had previously digested with BamHI and EheI to form pBSTR3′ C. The PCR1 fragment was blunted-ended with T4 DNA polymerase and ligated into HpaI digested-pBSTR3′ C, to form pBSTRF16 (FIG. 3). pBSTRF16 therefore contains 302 bp that are duplicated within the replicase ORF.

The 302 bp of duplicated replicase sequence was replaced with a 438 bp intron. Intron 3 of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 nitrate reductase NIA1 gene (Wilkinson and Crawford 1993) was amplified using the primers AraF and AraR. AraF is 5′ CGTATCTTTGCAA TAACAGgtaataatcctctctcttgatatt3′ (SEQ ID No: 15) where the sequence in upper case corresponds to positions 2826-2845 of TRV RNA1 and the sequence in lower case corresponds to positions 1-24 of the intron. Similarly, AraR is 5′ TTAAATTGTCCAAGATCAACct gtttaacacaagtcaacgtc3′ (SEQ ID No: 16) where the sequence in upper case corresponds to positions 2846-2864 of TRV RNA 1 and the sequence in lower case corresponds to positions 416-438 of the intron. The PCR amplified intron 3 fragment was therefore flanked by the AGGT intron splice,sites, and 19 bp of TRV (exon) sequence (FIG. 4). Two TRV-exons (exon 1 and exon 2) that flank the intron insertion site were then PCR amplified. For exon 1 the primers were TRV2D 5′ tcgcacaaaaccaaggtgatag3′ (SEQ ID No: 17) (positions 1772-1793) and Ara5′ R 5′ ggattatt acCTGTTATTGCAAAGATACGTCTG3′ (SEQ ID No: 18) where the sequence in lower case corresponds to positions 1-10 of the intron and sequence in upper case corresponds to positions 2822-2845 of TRV RNA1. Exon 1 was amplified as a 107 kb fragment from pBSTR16. For exon 2 the primers were Ara3′ F 5′ tgttaaacagGTTGATC TTGGACAATTTAAGTGC3′ (SEQ ID No: 19), where the sequence in upper case corresponds to positions 2846-2868 of TRV RNA1 and the sequence in lower case corresponds to positions 428-438 of the intron, and TRV4U (see above). Exon 2 was amplified as a 0.35 kb fragment from PCR 1 (see above). Exon 1, intron 3 and exon 2 were all amplifed using Pfu polymerase (Promega). To introduce intron 3 to the TRV RNA 1 genome, chimeric PCR was performed with Pfu polymerase and the primers TRV2D and TRV4U using a mixture of exon 1, intron 3 and exon 2 as template to give a 1.8 kb fragment.

This 1.8 kb intron-containing-fragment was digested with ApaI and SalI and cloned in pBSTRF16 using ApaI-partial digestion and SalI, thus replacing the region that included duplicated sequence, and forming pBSTRA3 (FIG. 4).

To transfer the cloned RNA1 to a binary transformation vector, the 7.2 kb fragment corresponding to TRV RNA 1 was released from pBSTRA3 with BamHI and cloned into the BamHI site between the CaMV 35s promoter and the CaMV terminator on the plasmid pBIN61 to form pBINTRA6 (FIG. 5). pBIN61 is a modified version of the pBIN19 (Frisch, Harris-Haller et al. 1995) binary vector that carries a transcription cassette comprising the CaMV 35S promoter and terminator. To construct the pBIN61 binary vector, the transcription cassette containing the CaMV 35S promoter and terminator was released by digestion with KpnI and XhoI from the plasmid pJIT61 (kindly provided by P. Mullineaux, JIC, Norwich, UK). The transcription cassette was then ligated to the pBIN19 plasmid vector digested with KpnI and SalI to create pBIN61.

Agrobacterium strain GV3101 containing pBINTRA6 was infiltrated into N. benthamiana leaves causing a TRV RNA 1 infection. The full sequence of pBINTRA6 is given in Appendix 8.

The kanamycin resistance gene (NptI) from pACYC177 (Chang and Cohen 1978) was cloned as a NheI-NcoI fragment into the SpeI-BspHI sites of pBluescript SKII+, creating intermediate I. The NcoI site was introduced and restriction sites that would have been duplicated in the pGreen polylinker were removed by site-directed mutagenesis (mutagenic oligos: XhoI (5′ cgtcttgctcaaggccgcgat 3′(SEQ ID No: 20)). ClaI (5′ cgacaatcta ccgattgtatg 3′ (SEQ ID No: 21)), SmaI (5′ ctgcgatcccagggaaaacag 3′ (SEQ ID No: 22)) HindIII (5′ aaatgcataaagtttt gccat 3′ (SEQ ID No: 23)) and NcoI (5′ tggttgtaaccatggcagagca 3′ (SEQ ID No: 24). Two complementary oligos (5′ gaattcagatcta3′ and 5′ acatgtagatctg3′ (SEQ ID No: 24) respecively ) were annealed and inserted between the EcoRI and AflIII sites, to introduce a unique BglII site, this was intermediate II. The psa-ori sequence from pJIT134Sa-Bam was inserted as a BamHI-SmaI fragment into the BamHI-SmaI sites (remaining from the original pBluescript plasmid) of intermediate II. These sites, along with intervening PstI and NotI sites were removed by successive rounds of treatment with T4 DNA polymerase I (T4 polI) and re-ligation. The StuI site in the NptI promoter and ClaI sites, introduced when the psa-ori was inserted, were removed by transformation into E. coli strain SCS110 (dam;dcm), digestion with T4 polI and re-ligation. This produced the pGreen backbone that was ready to receive the T-DNA cassette.

The complementary olignucleotides (5′-cataaggccttgacaggatatattggcgggtaaactaa gtcgctgtatgtgtttgtttgagatct-3′ (SEQ ID No: 27) and 5′-catgagatctcaaacaaacacatacagcgacttagtttacccg ccaatatatcctgtcaaggcctt-3′ (SEQ ID No: 28)) were annealed to produce a DNA fragment consisting of a StuI site, the RB sequence, the RB “overdrive” sequence and a BglII site. This RB DNA fragment was inserted into the AflIII site of pBluescript SKII- and its orientation determined by sequencing. A recombinant plasmid (intermediate A) was selected which had the orientation of the RB fragment such that the StuI site was nearest to the SK multiple cloning site.

Two further oligonucleotides (5′-tccacacattatacgagccgatgattaattgtcaacagatcttggcag gatatattgtggtgtaaacgttaac-3(SEQ ID No: 29) and 5′-ggtaacgtttacaccacaatatatcctgccaagatctgttgacaatta atcatcggctcgtataatgtgtgga-3′ (SEQ ID No: 30)) were then annealed to produce an LB DNA fragment consisting of HpaI and BglII site and LB sequence. This fragment was inserted between the two SspI sites of intermediate A, simultaneously deleting the pBluescript SKII- f1 ori. This 815 bp BglII fragment was cloned into the pGreen backbone to produce pGreen0000.

All work involving virus infected material was carried out in containment glasshouses under MAFF license PHF 1420c/1773(12/1996). N. benthamiana and A. thaliana plants were germinated on a 1:1 mixture of JIC compost and peat, then grown individually in pots at 25° C. during the day and 20° C. during the night. Supplementary winter lighting from halogen quartz iodide lamps provided a 16 hour day length.

Virus infections on N. benthamiana were achieved by Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression of infectious constructs from the T-DNA of a binary plasmid (e.g. pGR107, pTV00 or PBINTRA6). Agrobacterium was grown to an OD of 600 in L broth. The culture was then centrifuged and re-suspended in 10 mM MgCl12, 10 mM MES and 150 mM acetosyringone, and kept at room temperature for 2 hours. The culture was then infiltrated to the underside of a leaf using a 2 ml syringe without a needle.

For virus infections on A. thaliana, Agrobacterium cultures carrying pBINTRA6 and pTV.apds were first infiltrated to N. benthamiana, as described above. A week later, systemically infected leaves were ground in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH7 using a pestle and mortar. The solution was then centrifuged for 1 minute at 3000 rpm and the supernatant was rubbed onto the leaves of carborundum-dusted plants.

For RNA infection, total RNA was purified from infected plants as previously described (Devic, Jaegle et al. 1989). 5 m of this RNA was rubbed onto the leaves of carborundum dusted plants.

Total RNA from N. benthamiana was prepared using Tri-reagent (Sigma). Genomic DNA was removed from this RNA by incubation with DNase (Sigma) at 37° C. for 2 hours followed by phenol extraction. This RNA was used as a template for first-strand cDNA synthesis using random hexanucleotide primers and Super-Script Reverse Transcriptase (Roche) according to the manufacture's instructions. This cDNA was diluted 2000 fold in sterile distilled water, and used as a template for quantitative PCR in an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE Applied Biosystems) with 2×Taqman Universal PCR Mastermix (PE Applied Biosystems). For rubisco amplification, the primer sequences were cgtcaagtgcagtgcatcagt (SEQ ID No: 34 and gacaatagggtaagttgtcctaatatgaaa (SEQ ID No: 32) and the probe sequence was cattgcctccaagcctgacgga (SEQ ID No: 33). Each sample was quantitatively standardised by amplification of 25S ribosomal cDNA using the primers accacagggataactggcttgt (SEQ ID No: 34) and ccgacatcgaaggatcaaaaa (SEQ ID No: 35) with the probe cagccaagcgtcatagcgacgttg(SEQ ID No: 36). The probe DNA was modified to contain 5′ FAM fluorescent reporter and 3′ Tamra quencher (MGW). To confirm that PCR amplification corresponded to mRNA levels and not from genomic or contaminating DNA, additional reactions were performed without template cDNA and with RNA that had not been treated with reverse-transcriptase.

Example 1

Comparison of Silencing of Pds Gene by TRV and PVX VIGS Vectors

To assess whether constructs derived from TRV have advantages over previously described virus vectors, we compared symptoms and VIGS caused by TRV and another virus. PVX was used for this comparison, because it inhibits expression of a wide range of plant genes (Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998; Jones, Hamilton et al. 1999). Furthermore, as with TRV, an infectious PVX cDNA construct is available under control of the CaMV 35s promoter on the binary transformation plasmid “pGreen” (pGR107, (Jones, Hamilton et al. 1999)). As both TRV and PVX derivatives are therefore introduced to plants in the same way, any differences can be attributed to the virus itself, rather than the means of inoculation.

We next compared the ability of TRV and PVX derived constructs to inhibit plant gene expression in N. benthamiana. Identical plant cDNA sequences were inserted into pTV00 and pGR107 to compare the efficiency of TRV and PVX at silencing the same plant gene. cDNA sequences from two plant genes were used for this comparison.

The first cDNA we used was part of the phytoene desaturase (pds) gene. Pds is essential for production of carotenoids that protect plants from photobleaching (Demmig-Adams and Adams 1992). Plant tissue in which pds is inhibited therefore turns white due to photobleaching. This whitening phenotype provides a useful visual marker for assessing the extent and severity of VIGS (Kumagai, Donson et al. 1995; Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998). A further rationale for choosing pds as a target of VIGS is that the copy number and expression level of the pds gene is low (Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998). VIGS of pds therefore indicates the potential of a virus to inhibit the expression of a low abundance mRNA. For these experiments a 409 bp cDNA fragment of pds (Appendix 3) was PCR amplified from N. benthamiana cDNA and cloned in the sense orientation into pTV00 and pGR107, to form pTV.pds and pGR107.pds respectively.

Leaves of 3 week old N. benthamiana plants were infiltrated with Agrobacterium containing either pGR107.pds, to cause PVX.pds infections, or with Agrobacterium containing pBINTRA6 and pTV.pds, to cause TRV.pds infections. As previously reported (Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998), after 3 weeks plants infected with PVXpds developed symptoms of photobleaching that are typical of pds inhibition. Stems, axillary shoots, and sepals were affected. In leaves the photobleaching was initiated and predominantly maintained around the veins. However, a large proportion of the leaf surface remained green. Plants infected with TRV.pds also developed photobleaching symptoms. Again, stem, axillary shoots, sepals and leaves were affected. However, unlike leaves infected with PVX.pds, leaves infected with TRV.pds became predominantly white, indicating widespread silencing of pds gene by the TRV based construct.

These data are typical of 10 repeats, and show that when TRV and PVX derivatives carry the same fragment of the pds gene, the TRV construct inhibits pds activity in a higher proportion of leaf tissue than the PVX vector.

Example 2

Comparison of Silencing of Rubisco by TRV and PVX VIGS Vectors

A second comparison of VIGS caused by TRV and PVX was made using the small sub-unit of ribulose −1,5-bisphosphate carobxylase oxygenase (rubisco). Antisense or PVX.rubisco induced inhibition of rubisco causes chlorotic and stunting symptoms (Rodermel, Abbott et al. 1988; Jones, Hamilton et al. 1999). A further rationale for choosing rubisco as a target of VIGS is that the copy number and expression level of the rubisco genes is very high. In contrast to pds, VIGS of rubisco would therefore indicate the potential of a virus to inhibit the expression of a high abundance endogenous mRNA. A 500 bp cDNA fragment of the rubisco small sub-unit (Appendix 4) was PCR amplified from N. benthamiana cDNA and cloned in the sense orientation into pTV00 and pGR107 to form pTV.rubisco and pGR107. rubisco respectively.

Leaves of 3 week old N. benthamiana plants were infiltrated either with Agrobacterium containing pGR107.rubisco, to cause a PVX.rubisco infection, or with Agrobacterium containing pEINTRA6 and pTV.rubisco, to cause a TRV.rubisco infection.

Three weeks after infiltration, the upper leaves of plants that were infected with PVX.rubisco developed very pale green or yellow patches. However, as with PVX induced inhibition of pds, leaves were not uniformly affected. Similar areas of pale green developed on stems, axillary shoots and sepals. These pale green areas were distinct and different from the mosaic normally associated with PVX infection. Plants that were infected with TRV.rubisco also developed pale green or yellow tissue in systemically infected leaves, stems, axillary shoots and sepals. However, in contrast to PVX.rubisco infected plants, in TRV.rubisco infected leaves there was no mosaic, and the pale green or yellow symptoms appeared uniform across the leaf. This experiment was repeated more than 10 times, with the same result.

To confirm that the symptoms associated with PVX.rubisco and TRV.rubisco infection were caused by inhibition of rubisco, and to quantify any reduction in rubisco mRNA caused by each construct, rubisco mRNA levels were measured by Taqman PCR (PE Applied Biosystems). In these experiments, total RNA from infected plants was used as a template for first-strand cDNA synthesis. Quantitative PCR was then used to assess the ratio of rubisco cDNA to that of ribosomal cDNA in PVX.rubisco or TRV.rubisco infected plants, and in uninfected plants. The rubisco sequence carried by the PVX and TRV constructs was not PCR amplified in these experiments as the primers used were outside the region carried by in the virus vectors (see Materials and Methods). Nine separate plants were used for each treatment, and each plant was analysed three times.

In leaves infected with PVX.rubisco there was a 37 fold reduction in rubisco mRNA compared to the 1evels in mock inoculated plants (Student's T-Test; P=1.96 10⁻⁷). However, in leaves infected with TRV.rubisco there was an even greater reduction in rub sco levels of 200 fold compared to mock inoculated plants (P=2.1 10⁻⁷). These data show that the TRV based construct is 5.4 (P=0.02) fold more efficient at suppressing rubisco accumulation than the PVX based construct carrying an identical rubisco sequence.

Example 3

Comparison of Silencing in A. thaliana by TRV and PVX VIGS Vectors

One disadvantage of currently available virus vectors is that they have a limited host range. For example, neither PVX nor TMV vectors infect the model plant A. thaliana. In an attempt to overcome this limited host range, some authors have made transgenic A. thaliana plants that express a full-length infectious PVX cDNA carrying endogenous plant gene sequence. This strategy was pursued because PVX replicates in A. thaliana protoplasts, but does not infect whole plants. However, even when PVX is expressed from a transgene and replicating in every cell, there was little or no inhibition of homologous Arabidopsis gene expression (unpublished data).

We tested whether constructs based on TRV would inhibit gene expression in A. thaliana. A fragment of the pds gene was PCR amplified from A. thaliana cDNA (Appendix 5) and cloned the sense orientation into pTV00 to form pTV.apds. No TRV infections could be established by infiltrating A. thaliana with Agrobacterium carrying pBINTRA6 and pTV.pds or pTV00. Therefore, TRV.apds infections were established by infiltrating Agrobacterium that contained pBINTRA6 and pTV.apds to N. benthamiana. Infectious sap from these N. benthamianaplants was subsequently used to inoculate A. thaliana ecotype Col-0 (see Materials and Methods). As with N. benthamiana, A. thaliana plants infected with TRV developed no symptoms. However, A. thaliana plants infected with TRV.apds developed confluent photobleaching in systemic leaves that is typical of pds inhibition. These data suggest that unlike PVX, TRV can inhibit gene expression in a range of plant species including A. thaliana.

Example 4

Comparison of Silencing of GFP Transgene in Meristematic Tissue by TRV and PVX VIGS Vectors

A sub-set of genes that control identity and development of newly forming plant tissues are expressed in meristematic regions. Understanding the function of these genes is of particular interest as they determine characteristics such as fruit and flower production. However, PVX, TMV and TGMV do not infect meristems (Matthews 1991), and therefore cannot be used to inhibit meristem-expressed genes.

We assessed whether our TRV based vector would overcome this limitation by comparing the ability of the PVX and TRV derived constructs to inhibit the expression of two genes in meristems. The first of these genes encodes the green fluorescent protein, GFP (Chalfie, Tu et al. 1994). A 321 bp fragment corresponding to the 3′ end of GFP (designated P; Appendix 6) was PCR amplified and cloned in the sense orientation into pGR107 and pTV00 to form pGR107.P and pTV.P respectively. For these experiments N. benthamiana plants were used that express GFP from a CaMV 35s driven transgene (line 16c, (Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998)). In UV light these plants-fluoresce green due to expression of the GFP transgene. In contrast, non-transgenic plants, and 16c plants in which GFP expression is inhibited, are red under UV illumination, due to fluorescence from chlorophyll.

Three week old 16c N. benthamiana plants were infiltrated with Agrobacterium containing either pGR107.P, to cause a PVX.P infection, or pBINTRA6 and PTV.P to cause a TRV.P infection, or with water. As previously reported, 3 weeks after infiltration the leaves, stems and axillary shoots of plants infected with PVX.P had lost all green fluorescence, and appeared red under UV light (FIG. 5A) (Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998). Similarly, 16c plants that were infected with TRV.P also lost GFP expression in leaves, stems and axillary shoots. We then assessed the level of GFP expression in vegitative meristematic regions using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. As previously reported (Ruiz, Voinnet et al. 1998) PVX.P did not inhibit GFP expression in this region, as the meristem and surrounding leaf primordia in these plants remained green-fluorescent. In contrast, TRV.P inhibited GFP expression in the meristematic dome and surrounding leaf primordia.

Example 5

Comparison of Silencing of LFY Endogenous Gene in Meristematic Tissue by TRV and PVX VIGS Vectors

We next compared the ability of PVX and TRV derived constructs to inhibit the expression of an endogenous gene in meristems. The gene we chose was NFL, the Nicotiana floricola homologue of the A. thaliana gene leafy (LFY). LFY is important for determination of floral organs. A. thaliana lfy mutants have two characteristics; additional inflorescence shoots are formed in the place of early flowers, and flowers that develop later are abnormal and contain shoot-inflorescence tissue (Weigel, Alvarez et al. 1992). We therefore predicted that inhibiting NFL expression would have similar effects on flower formation in N. benthamiana. A 421 bp cDNA fragment of the NFL gene was PCR amplified from N. benthamiana cDNA (Appendix 7) and cloned into in the sense orientation into pGR107 and pTV00 to form pGR107.NFL and pTV.NFL respectively.

Three week-old N. benthamiana plants were infiltrated with water (mock), or with Agrobacterium containing pGR107 or pGR107.NFL to cause PVX or PVX.NFL infections, or pBINTRA6 and PTV00 or pTV.NFL to cause a TRV or TRV.NFL infections respectively. Six plants were used for each treatment. The arrangement and formation of leaves, flowers and branches was recorded after 12 weeks. In N. benthamiana, organs are formed at nodes around the main stem. Each node typically consists of a leaf, a primary branch, and a flower. The branches vary in size and complexity, and may give rise to secondary, or occasionally tertiary branches, before producing flowers. Floral organs such as petals, sigma and stamen are formed after a whorl of leaves known as sepals. On each plant, the number of primary, secondary and tertiary branches was recorded, as well as the number of correct and incorrectly formed flowers. Although there was structural variation between plants, there were no consistent changes between mock inoculated plants, and plants that were infected with PVX, PVX.NFL or TRV. All plants produced secondary branches. One TRV and one PVX.NFL infected plant each produced a single tertiary branch. All flowers on these plants were normal compared to mock inoculated plants. In contrast, plants infected with TRV.NFL had a more complex and branched structure. Each of these plants produced secondary and tertiary branches. Five of the six plants also produced quartenary branches. These additional branches were formed in place of flowers. Many of the flowers that were formed on TRV.NFL infected plants were abnormal. Flower defects ranged from repeated whorls of sepals, to floral structures containing single or multiple inflorescence branches which themselves gave rise to more floral structures. These data are reminiscent of floral abnormalities in Arabidopsis lfy mutants, and are entirely consistent with an inhibition of NFL expression in the meristematic regions of N. benthamiana.

Taken together, these two experiments with GFP and NFL show that unlike other viral vectors, constructs based on TRV can inhibit gene expression in meristems.

Example 6

TRV as an Expression Vector

The TRV derived virus vector PTV00 has been specifically designed to inhibit rather than direct protein synthesis. For certain purposes it may be advantageous to modify PTV00 to allow protein expression from this vector. If the multiple cloning site of pTV00 was immediately preceded by a sub-genomic promoter that was recognised by the replicase protein of TRV RNA 1, then proteins would be translated from a sub-genomic RNA.

For example, total RNA could be prepared from PEBV infected N. benthamiana plants as previously described (Devic, Jaegle et al. 1989). cDNA corresponding to the coat protein sub-genomic promoter of PEBV could be prepared and then PCR amplified from this total RNA using Superscript Reverse Transcriptase (Gibco) followed by Pfu polymerase (Promega) with the primers ggatccgcacacaaggtta and gggcgcgccctcgttaac. This PEBV sub-genomic promoter cDNA fragment (Appendix 2) could be cloned into pTV00 that was previously digested with Spe 1 and blunted with T4 DNA polymerase, to form pTV1.0. Open reading frames cloned in sense and in frame in the remainder of the multiple cloning site would then be expressed. For example, GFP cDNA sequence (Chalfie, Tu et al. 1994), could be inserted into the BamHi 35 site, to achieve GFP expression in any host plant such as N. benthamiana.

References

Inasmuch as they may be required by the person skilled in the art to practice the present invention, all citations are specifically included herein by cross-reference.

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46 1 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 1 ggcactcaac tttataaacc 20 2 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 2 cttcagtttt ctgtcaaacc 20 3 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 3 cccctcgaga gatgtcaaat c 21 4 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 4 cccctcgagg cactttcatc tgg 23 5 29 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 5 cagtctagat ggcttcctca gttctttcc 29 6 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 6 cagggatccc acttgacgca cgttgtc 27 7 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 7 aacatcctcg gcccacaagt t 21 8 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 8 gagctcttag agttcgtcat g 21 9 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 9 tggacccaga ggctttctc 19 10 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 10 cttcttgtga gagagcgtca 20 11 29 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 11 ggggggatcc gggcgtaata acgcttacg 29 12 31 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 12 ggggggatcc ataaaacatt tcaatccttt g 31 13 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 13 ttagcaccag ctatctgagc gc 22 14 23 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 14 gttccaacca gacaaacgta tgg 23 15 43 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 15 cgtatctttg caataacagg taataatcct ctctcttgat att 43 16 42 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 16 ttaaattgtc caagatcaac ctgtttaaca caagtcaacg tc 42 17 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 17 tcgcacaaaa ccaaggtgat ag 22 18 33 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 18 ggattattac ctgttattgc aaagatacgt ctg 33 19 34 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 19 tgttaaacag gttgatcttg gacaatttaa gtgc 34 20 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 20 cgtcttgctc aaggccgcga t 21 21 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 21 cgacaatcta ccgattgtat g 21 22 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 22 ctgcgatccc agggaaaaca g 21 23 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 23 aaatgcataa agttttgcca t 21 24 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 24 tggttgtaac catggcagag ca 22 25 13 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 25 gaattcagat cta 13 26 13 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 26 acatgtagat ctg 13 27 66 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 27 catgaaggcc ttgacaggat atattggcgg gtaaactaag tcgctgtatg tgtttgtttg 60 agatct 66 28 66 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 28 catgagatct caaacaaaca catacagcga cttagtttac ccgccaatat atcctgtcaa 60 ggcctt 66 29 73 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 29 tccacacatt atacgagccg atgattaatt gtcaacagat cttggcagga tatattgtgg 60 tgtaaacgtt aac 73 30 73 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 30 ggtaacgttt acaccacaat atatcctgcc aagatctgtt gacaattaat catcggctcg 60 tataatgtgt gga 73 31 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 31 cgtcaagtgc agtgcatcag t 21 32 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 32 gacaataggg taagttgtcc taatatgaaa 30 33 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 33 cattgcctcc aagcctgacg ga 22 34 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 34 accacaggga taactggctt gt 22 35 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 35 ccgacatcga aggatcaaaa a 21 36 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 36 cagccaagcg tcatagcgac gttg 24 37 5592 DNA Artificial Sequence pTV00 37 tttttatccc cggaagcctg tggatagagg gtagttatcc acgtgaaacc gctaatgccc 60 cgcaaagcct tgattcacgg ggctttccgg cccgctccaa aaactatcca cgtgaaatcg 120 ctaatcaggg tacgtgaaat cgctaatcgg agtacgtgaa atcgctaata aggtcacgtg 180 aaatcgctaa tcaaaaaggc acgtgagaac gctaatagcc ctttcagatc aacagcttgc 240 aaacacccct cgctccggca agtagttaca gcaagtagta tgttcaatta gcttttcaat 300 tatgaatata tatatcaatt attggtcgcc cttggcttgt ggacaatgcg ctacgcgcac 360 cggctccgcc cgtggacaac cgcaagcggt tgcccaccgt cgagcgccag cgcctttgcc 420 cacaacccgg cggccggccg caacagatcg ttttataaat tttttttttt gaaaaagaaa 480 aagcccgaaa ggcggcaacc tctcgggctt ctggatttcc gatccccgga attagatctc 540 aaacaaacac atacagcgac ttagtttacc cgccaatata tcctgtcaag gccttcatgt 600 tctttcctgc gttatcccct gattctgtgg ataaccgtat taccgccttt gagtgagctg 660 ataccgctcg ccgcagccga acgaccgagc gcagcgagtc agtgagcgag gaagcggaag 720 agcgcccaat acgcaaaccg cctctccccg cgcgttggcc gattcattaa tgcagctggc 780 acgacaggtt tcccgactgg aaagcgggca gtgagcgcaa cgcaattaat gtgagttagc 840 tcactcatta ggcaccccag gctttacact ttatgcttcc ggctcgtatg ttgtgtggaa 900 ttgtgagcgg ataacaattt cacacaggaa acagctatga ccatgattac gccaagctcg 960 gaattaaccc tcactaaagg gaacaaaagc tggagctcca ccgcggtgga gctccaccgg 1020 ggaaacctcc tcgggattcc attgcccagc tatctgtcac tttattgaga agatagtgga 1080 aaaggaaggt ggctcctaca aatgccatca ttgcgataaa ggaaaggcca tcgttgaaga 1140 tgcctctgcc gacagtggtc ccaaagatgg acccccaccc acgaggagca tcgtggaaaa 1200 agaagacgtt ccaaccacgt cttcaaagca agtggattga tgtgatatct ccactgacgt 1260 aagggatgac gcacaatccc actatccttc gcaagaccct tcctctatat aaggaagttc 1320 atttcatttg gagaggctag ataaaacatt gcacctatgg tgttgccctg gctggggtat 1380 gtcagtgatc gcagtagaat gtactaattg acaagttgga gaatacggta gaacgtcctt 1440 atccaacaca gcctttatcc ctctccctga cgaggttttt gtcagtgtaa tatttctttt 1500 tgaactatcc agcttagtac cgtacgggaa agtgactggt gtgcttatct ttgaaatgtt 1560 actttgggtt tcggttcttt aggttagtaa gaaagcactt gtcttctcat acaaaggaaa 1620 acctgacgta tcgcttacga aagtagcaat gaaagaaagg tggtggtttt aatcgtaccg 1680 caaaaaacga tggggtcgtt ttaattaact tctcctacaa gcgtctaaac ggacgttggg 1740 gttttgctag tttctttaga gaaaactagc taagtcttta atgttatcat tagagatggc 1800 ataaatataa tacttgtgtc tgctgataag atcattttaa tttggacgat tagacttgtt 1860 gaactacagg ttactgaatc acttgcgcta atcaacatgg gagatatgta cgatgaatca 1920 tttgacaagt cgggcggtcc tgctgacttg atggacgatt cttgggtgga atcagtttcg 1980 tggaaagatt tgttgaagaa gttacacagc ataaaatttg cactacagtc tggtagagat 2040 gagatcactg ggttactagc ggcactgaat agacagtgtc cttattcacc atatgagcag 2100 tttccagata agaaggtgta tttcctttta gactcacggg ctaacagtgc tcttggtgtg 2160 attcagaacg cttcagcgtt caagagacga gctgatgaga agaatgcagt ggcgggtgtt 2220 acaaatattc ctgcgaatcc aaacacaacg gttacgacga accaagggag tactactact 2280 accaaggcga acactggctc gactttggaa gaagacttgt acacttatta caaattcgat 2340 gatgcctcta cagctttcca caaatctcta acttcgttag agaacatgga gttgaagagt 2400 tattaccgaa ggaactttga gaaagtattc gggattaagt ttggtggagc agctgctagt 2460 tcatctgcac cgcctccagc gagtggaggt ccgatacgtc ctaatcccta gggatttaag 2520 gacgtgaact ctgttgagat cctagaacta gtggatcccc cgggctgcag gaattcgata 2580 tcaagcttat cgataccgtc gacctcgagg gggggcccgg tacccaattc gccctatagt 2640 gagtcgtatt acaattcact ggccgtcgtt ttacaacgtc gtgactggga aaaccctggc 2700 gttacccaac ttaatcgcct tgcagcacat ccccctttcg ccagctggcg taatagcgaa 2760 gaggcccgca ccgatcgccc ttcccaacag ttgcgaagac attaaactac ggttctttaa 2820 gtagatccgt gcctgaagtt ttaggttcaa tttaaaccta cgagattgac attctcgact 2880 gatcttgatt gatcggtaag tcttttgtaa tttaattttc tttttgattt tattttaaat 2940 tgttatctgt ttctgtgtat agactgtttg agatcggcgt ttggccgact cattgtctta 3000 ccatagggga acggactttg tttgtgttgt tattttattt gtattttatt aaaattctca 3060 acgatctgaa aaagcctcgc ggctaagaga ttgttggggg gtgagtaagt acttttaaag 3120 tgatgatggt tacaaaggca aaaggggtaa aacccctcgc ctacgtaagc gttattacgc 3180 cctcgagtat cgaattgctg caggcatgca agcgatcccc gatcgttcaa acatttggca 3240 ataaagtttc ttaagattga atcctgttgc cggtcttgcg atgattatca tataatttct 3300 gttgaattac gttaagcatg taataattaa catgtaatgc atgacgttat ttatgagatg 3360 ggtttttatg attagagtcc cgcaattata catttaatac gcgatagaaa acaaaatata 3420 gcgcgcaaac taggataaat tatcgcgcgc ggtgtcatct atgttactag atcgggaatt 3480 gccaagctgc ttggcactgg ccgtcgtttt acaacgtcgt gactgggaaa accctggcgt 3540 tacccaactt aatcgccttg cagcacatcc ccctttcgcc agctggcgta atagcgaaga 3600 ggcccgcacc gatcgccctt cccaacagtt gcgcagcctg aatggcgaat ggcgcgaaat 3660 tgtaaacgtt aatgttaacg ttacaccaca atatatcctg ccaagatctc atgtgagcaa 3720 aaggccagca aaaggccagg aaccgtaaaa aggccgcgtt gctggcgttt ttccataggc 3780 tccgcccccc tgacgagcat cacaaaaatc gacgctcaag tcagaggtgg cgaaacccga 3840 caggactata aagataccag gcgtttcccc ctggaagctc cctcgtgcgc tctcctgttc 3900 cgaccctgcc gcttaccgga tacctgtccg cctttctccc ttcgggaagc gtggcgcttt 3960 ctcatagctc acgctgtagg tatctcagtt cggtgtaggt cgttcgctcc aagctgggct 4020 gtgtgcacga accccccgtt cagcccgacc gctgcgcctt atccggtaac tatcgtcttg 4080 agtccaaccc ggtaagacac gacttatcgc cactggcagc agccactggt aacaggatta 4140 gcagagcgag gtatgtaggc ggtgctacag agttcttgaa gtggtggcct aactacggct 4200 acactagaag gacagtattt ggtatctgcg ctctgctgaa gccagttacc ttcggaaaaa 4260 gagttggtag ctcttgatcc ggcaaacaaa ccaccgctgg tagcggtggt ttttttgttt 4320 gcaagcagca gattacgcgc agaaaaaaag gatctcaaga agatcctttg atcttttcta 4380 cggggtctga cgctcagtgg aacgaaaact cacgttaagg gattttggtc atggttacaa 4440 ccaattaacc aattctgatt agaaaaactc atcgagcatc aaatgaaact gcaatttatt 4500 catatcagga ttatcaatac catatttttg aaaaagccgt ttctgtaatg aaggagaaaa 4560 ctcaccgagg cagttccata ggatggcaag atcctggtat cggtctgcga ttccgactcg 4620 tccaacatca atacaaccta ttaatttccc ctcgtcaaaa ataaggttat caagtgagaa 4680 atcaccatga gtgacgactg aatccggtga gaatggcaaa agtttatgca tttctttcca 4740 gacttgttca acaggccagc cattacgctc gtcatcaaaa tcactcgcat caaccaaacc 4800 gttattcatt cgtgattgcg cctgagcgag acgaaatacg cgatcgctgt taaaaggaca 4860 attacaaaca ggaatcgaat gcaaccggcg caggaacact gccagcgcat caacaatatt 4920 ttcacctgaa tcaggatatt cttctaatac ctggaatgct gttttccctg ggatcgcagt 4980 ggtgagtaac catgcatcat caggagtacg gataaaatgc ttgatggtcg gaagaggcat 5040 aaattccgtc agccagttta gtctgaccat ctcatctgta acatcattgg caacgctacc 5100 tttgccatgt ttcagaaaca actctggcgc atcgggcttc ccatacaatc catagattgt 5160 cgcacctgat tgcccgacat tatcgcgagc ccatttatac ccatataaat cagcatccat 5220 gttggaattt aatcgcggcc tggagcaaga cgtttcccgt tgaatatggc tcataacacc 5280 ccttgtatta ctgtttatgt aagcagacag ttttattgtt catgatgata tatttttatc 5340 ttgtgcaatg taacatcaga gattttgaga cacaacgtgg ctttgttgaa taaatcgaac 5400 ttttgctgag ttgaaggatc agatcacgca tcttcccgac aacgcagacc gttccgtggc 5460 aaagcaaaag ttcaaaatca ccaactggtc cacctacaac aaagctctca tcaaccgtgc 5520 tccctcactt tctggctgga tgatggggcg attcaggcga tccccatcca acagcccgcc 5580 gtcgagcggg ct 5592 38 249 DNA Artificial Sequence PEBV coat protein promoter 38 ggatccgcac acaaggttaa aaacgctgta gtaatacatg cgcaagaaca ggctgagcat 60 cttgttctgg ggtttcacac tatctttaga gaaagtgtta agttaattaa gttatcttaa 120 ttaagagcat aattatactg atttgtctct cgttgataga gtctatcatt ctgttctaaa 180 aatttgacaa ctcggtttgc tgacctactg gttactgtat cacttacccg agttaacgag 240 ggcgcgccc 249 39 409 DNA Artificial Sequence N. benthamiana pds partial cDNA sequence 39 tctgtcaaac catatatgga catttatcac aggaactccc actagcttct ccaacttttg 60 gaaatatggg atctctttcc agtcttcagg caaaagaagc ttcaagatat ccactggagt 120 ggcaaacaca aaagcatctc ctttaattgt actgccatta ttctgtataa aacatttgac 180 acttccatcc tcattcagct cgatcttttt tattcgtgag tttagtctga cttggccacc 240 ttttgactca atatgttcca caatcggcat gcaaagtctc tcaggagggt taccatctaa 300 aaaggccatt tttgaaccat gtttctcctg aagaaatctg ttcaaagcaa tcaagatgca 360 ctgcatcgaa agctcgtcag ggtttataaa gttgagtgcc tctagactg 409 40 1773 DNA Artificial Sequence A. thaliana pds partial cDNA sequence 40 ctcgagagat gtcaaatctg tgagattcat ttactgaaga gagtaaggtt aagtttggat 60 tgcaatgaga tttatacaca aataataatg cttacaagca aatcatcttt aagttttgtc 120 ctcttctcat gatgatgata ctgttgcctc cgacaacttt cttggtccag acgcagccag 180 tagctcgtaa tcctgaacaa tagactgaga gcagaatttg ccagagagga cagcgccttc 240 catggaagct aagtacttct gttttgtgta atctccagct aagtagaatc cttcaatagg 300 tgatctttgt agaggacgac atggttcaca gtttgggatg gtcttgtaca cagatcttgg 360 agtcttaacg acatggtact tcagaatttt agctttgctt tggtcagctg agatttcatc 420 agggaagagt ttctcaagtt ctttcattgt tgcatctatg atgtcagaat cagtccgtga 480 tatccattcc tctgctggtg caaatactag ctccagcatt gaccggttag gatcgtaata 540 ttccttacaa gttaaggaca tgtcggcata cacgctcaga aggttacttc tgctaaagag 600 taggtgatca tatgtgttct tcagttttcg atcaaaccat atatgaacat taataactgg 660 tactccaact aatttatcca atttcttgaa gtacggtatt tctttccagg gatctggtaa 720 aaggagcttc aggatatcga ctggagcggc aaacacataa gcgtctcctt cgacagtgct 780 tccattagtg agtaagaaac tcttaaccgt gccatcgtca ttgagctcaa ttttctttat 840 cctagaatta agttgcactt ccccacctag tgatcgaata tgatccacta ctggcataca 900 aagcctttcc ggaggattac catccaagaa tgccatcttg gaaccatgtt tttcctgaag 960 aaaccggttc aaagctatca aaatgcattg cattgacagt tcatcagggt ttataaagtt 1020 tagcgccttt gacatggcaa taaacacctc gtcggtcacg cgctcaggta ctccctgctt 1080 ttccatccat tctttgactg ataaaccatc ttgggcctca acataagcct gaccgccgac 1140 catggctggc aaaagtccaa tagcaaactt tattttctct ggccatgtca gcatctcgtt 1200 gttccgcaaa atagcccaaa taccatttaa gggtgctggt aggacatctg ggaagtcaaa 1260 tctactaaat tctccaggtt tacttggcat agcaaaaatc atggagtgtt ccttccactg 1320 caaccgatca ttgatcccaa gttctccaaa taaattctgc acattcggat aagcaccgaa 1380 gaaaatatgt aaaccagtct cataccagtc cccatcttca tccttccatg cagctatctt 1440 tccaccaaga acatctcttg cttcaagcaa cagaggtttg tggcctgcat cagccaggta 1500 ctttgcagtt gacaatccag ccaatccagc accagcaatt acaactttca aaggcttagc 1560 aggacgagga gcactacgga aggatgcaga taaactagca gcttccaaga aattgacagt 1620 gttctctagc tctggccttg gaatatccac acaaactacc tgcaaaggac cagcagtact 1680 cctcctcctt gttcttgtct taagcgcttg agaagtggga accctaaagc tatgtcccat 1740 tagttcacaa cctccagatg aaagtgcctc gag 1773 41 499 DNA Artificial Sequence N. benthamiana rubisco partial cDNA sequence 41 agtctagatg gcttcctcag ttctttcctc tgcagcagtt gccacccgca gcaatgttgc 60 tcaagctaac atggttgcac ctttcactgg ccttaagtca gctgcctcat tccctgtttc 120 aaggaagcaa aaccttgaca tcacttccat tgccagcaac ggcggaagag tgcaatgcat 180 gcaggtgtgg ccaccaatta acaagaagaa gtacgagact ctctcatacc ttcctgattt 240 gagccaggag caattgctta gtgaagttga gtaccttttg aaaaatggat gggttccttg 300 cttggaattc gagactgagc acggatttgt ctaccgtgaa aacaacaagt caccaggata 360 ctatgatggc agatactgga ccatgtggaa gctacctatt tcggatgcac tgatgccacc 420 caagtgttgg ctgaggtgga agaggcgaag aaggcatacc cacaggcctg gatccgtatc 480 attggattcg acaacgtgg 499 42 321 DNA Artificial Sequence Partial cDNA sequence from the 3′ end of GFP 42 gatggaaaca ttcttggaca caaattggaa tacaactata actcacacaa tgtatacatc 60 atggcagaca aacaaaagaa tggaatcaaa gttaacttca aaattagaca caacattgaa 120 gatggaagcg ttcaactagc agaccattat caacaaaata ctccaattgg cgatggccct 180 gtccttttac cagacaacca ttacctgtcc acacaatctg ccctttcgaa agatcccaac 240 gaaaagagag accacatggt ccttcttgag tttgtaacag ctgctgggat tacacatggc 300 atggatgaac tatacaaata a 321 43 421 DNA Artificial Sequence N. benthamiana partial cDNA sequence from NFL 43 tggacccaga ggctttctca gcgagtttgt tcaaatggga ccctagaggt gcaatgccac 60 cgccaacccg gctgttggaa gccgcggtgg cgcctcctcc tccaccacca gttctgccac 120 cgccgcagcc tctatcggcg gcctattcca ttaggacaag ggagttagga gggctagagg 180 agttgtttca agcttacggt atacgttatt acactgctgc taaaatagcg gagctaggtt 240 ttacggtgaa tactctattg gacatgaaag atgaggaact tgatgatatg atgaatagcc 300 tttcacagat tttcagatgg gaactcctcg tcggagaaag gtacggtatc aaagctgcaa 360 tcagggcgga acggcggagg cttgaggagg aagaactacg gcggcgcagc caccttctgt 420 c 421 44 8976 DNA Artificial Sequence Complete sequence of pBINTRA6 plasmid 44 tactccaaaa atgtcaaaga tacagtctca gaagaccaaa gggctattga gacttttcaa 60 caaagggtaa tttcgggaaa cctcctcgga ttccattgcc cagctatctg tcacttcatc 120 gaaaggacag tagaaaagga aggtggctcc tacaaatgcc atcattgcga taaaggaaag 180 gctatcattc aagatgcctc tgccgacagt ggtcccaaag atggaccccc acccacgagg 240 agcatcgtgg aaaaagaaga cgtcccaacc acgtcttcaa agcaagtgga ttgatgtgac 300 atctccactg acgtaaggga tgacgcacaa tcccactatc cttcgcaaga cccttcttct 360 atataaggaa gttcatttca tttggagagg acagcccaag ctttctagag gatccataaa 420 acatttcaat cctttgaacg cggtagaacg tgctaattgg attttggtga gaacgcggta 480 gaacgtactt atcacctaca gttttatttt gtttttcttt ttggtttaat ctatccagct 540 tagtaccgag tgggggaaag tgactggtgt gcctaaaacc ttttctttga tactttgtaa 600 aaatacatac agatacaatg gcgaacggta acttcaagtt gtctcaattg ctcaatgtgg 660 acgagatgtc tgctgagcag aggagtcatt tctttgactt gatgctgact aaacctgatt 720 gtgagatcgg gcaaatgatg caaagagttg ttgttgataa agtcgatgac atgattagag 780 aaagaaagac taaagatcca gtgattgttc atgaagttct ttctcagaag gaacagaaca 840 agttgatgga aatttatcct gaattcaata tcgtgtttaa agacgacaaa aacatggttc 900 atgggtttgc ggctgctgag cgaaaactac aagctttatt gcttttagat agagttcctg 960 ctctgcaaga ggtggatgac atcggtggtc aatggtcgtt ttgggtaact agaggtgaga 1020 aaaggattca ttcctgttgt ccaaatctag atattcggga tgatcagaga gaaatttctc 1080 gacagatatt tcttactgct attggtgatc aagctagaag tggtaagaga cagatgtcgg 1140 agaatgagct gtggatgtat gaccaatttc gtgaaaatat tgctgcgcct aacgcggtta 1200 ggtgcaataa tacatatcag ggttgtacat gtaggggttt ttctgatggt aagaagaaag 1260 gcgcgcagta tgcgatagct cttcacagcc tgtatgactt caagttgaaa gacttgatgg 1320 ctactatggt tgagaagaaa actaaagtgg ttcatgctgc tatgcttttt gctcctgaaa 1380 gtatgttagt ggacgaaggt ccattacctt ctgttgacgg ttactacatg aagaagaacg 1440 ggaagatcta tttcggtttt gagaaagatc cttccttttc ttacattcat gactgggaag 1500 agtacaagaa gtatctactg gggaagccag tgagttacca agggaatgtg ttctacttcg 1560 aaccgtggca ggtgagagga gacacaatgc ttttttcgat ctacaggata gctggagttc 1620 cgaggaggtc tctatcatcg caagagtact accgaagaat atatatcagt agatgggaaa 1680 gcatggttgt tgtcccaatt ttcgatctgg tcgaatcaac gcgagagttg gtcaagaaag 1740 acctgtttgt agagaaacaa ttcatggaca agtgtttgga ttacatagct aggttatctg 1800 accagcagct gaccataagc aatgttaaat catacttgag ttcaaataat tgggtcttat 1860 tcataaacgg ggcggccgtg aagaacaagc aaagtgtaga ttctcgagat ttacagttgt 1920 tggctcaaac tttgctagtg aaggaacaag tggcgagacc tgtcatgagg gagttgcgtg 1980 aagcaattct gactgagacg aaacctatca cgtcattgac tgatgtgctg ggtttaatat 2040 caagaaaact gtggaagcag tttgctaaca agatcgcagt cggcggattc gttggcatgg 2100 ttggtactct aattggattc tatccaaaga aggtactaac ctgggcgaag gacacaccaa 2160 atggtccaga actatgttac gagaactcgc acaaaaccaa ggtgatagta tttctgagtg 2220 ttgtgtatgc cattggagga atcacgctta tgcgtcgaga catccgagat ggactggtga 2280 aaaaactatg tgatatgttt gatatcaaac ggggggccca tgtcttagac gttgagaatc 2340 cgtgccgcta ttatgaaatc aacgatttct ttagcagtct gtattcggca tctgagtccg 2400 gtgagaccgt tttaccagat ttatccgagg taaaagccaa gtctgataag ctattgcagc 2460 agaagaaaga aatcgctgac gagtttctaa gtgcaaaatt ctctaactat tctggcagtt 2520 cggtgagaac ttctccacca tcggtggtcg gttcatctcg aagcggactg ggtctgttgt 2580 tggaagacag taacgtgctg acccaagcta gagttggagt ttcaagaaag gtagacgatg 2640 aggagatcat ggagcagttt ctgagtggtc ttattgacac tgaagcagaa attgacgagg 2700 ttgtttcagc cttttcagct gaatgtgaaa gaggggaaac aagcggtaca aaggtgttgt 2760 gtaaaccttt aacgccacca ggatttgaga acgtgttgcc agctgtcaaa cctttggtca 2820 gcaaaggaaa aacggtcaaa cgtgtcgatt acttccaagt gatgggaggt gagagattac 2880 caaaaaggcc ggttgtcagt ggagacgatt ctgtggacgc tagaagagag tttctgtact 2940 acttagatgc ggagagagtc gctcaaaatg atgaaattat gtctctgtat cgtgactatt 3000 cgagaggagt tattcgaact ggaggtcaga attacccgca cggactggga gtgtgggatg 3060 tggagatgaa gaactggtgc atacgtccag tggtcactga acatgcttat gtgttccaac 3120 cagacaaacg tatggatgat tggtcgggat acttagaagt ggctgtttgg gaacgaggta 3180 tgttggtcaa cgacttcgcg gtcgaaagga tgagtgatta tgtcatagtt tgcgatcaga 3240 cgtatctttg caataacagg taataatcct ctctcttgat atttttaaat tatagaatta 3300 attagtttac tttattcttt actatatgat ttaaatagtt taatcttgtt tttgagtaaa 3360 ctattcgatt ttgatatttg tattcgtcct acaaagttgg aaatactgat gatattttct 3420 tttgaacgtg atacctacca atactaatct tacggaatct tttaatagag cactaatcaa 3480 catggaacta aagaccaatt cttaagtgtc tctgttgtac agttcatttt agtagtgcgt 3540 ttaagtatta ttatctccct tcatgcgggg caattatgta gattaaaatc gaaattatat 3600 aaaatttaca taagtctaag tctagggtct ccagctaatt gttatttttt taacgatgtt 3660 gactaaagca ataacgacgt tgacttgtgt taaacaggtt gatcttggac aatttaagtg 3720 ccctggatct aggaccagtt aactgttctt ttgaattagt tgacggtgta cctggttgtg 3780 gtaagtcgac aatgattgtc aactcagcta atccttgtgt cgatgtggtt ctctctactg 3840 ggagagcagc aaccgacgac ttgatcgaga gattcgcgag caaaggtttt ccatgcaaat 3900 tgaaaaggag agtgaagacg gttgattctt ttttgatgca ttgtgtcgat ggttctttaa 3960 ccggagacgt gttgcatttc gacgaagctc tcatggccca tgctggtatg gtgtactttt 4020 gcgctcagat agctggtgct aaacgatgta tctgtcaagg agatcagaat caaatttctt 4080 tcaagcctag ggtatctcaa gttgatttga ggttttctag tctggtcgga aagtttgaca 4140 ttgttacaga aaaaagagaa acttacagaa gtccagcaga tgtggctgcc gtattgaaca 4200 agtactatac tggagatgtc agaacacata acgcgactgc taattcgatg acggtgagga 4260 agattgtgtc taaagaacag gtttctttga agcctggtgc tcagtacata actttccttc 4320 agtctgagaa gaaggagttg gtaaatttgt tggcattgag gaaagtggca gctaaagtga 4380 gtacagtaca cgagtcgcaa ggagagacat tcaaagatgt agtcctagtc aggacgaaac 4440 ctacggatga ctcaatcgct agaggtcggg agtacttaat cgtggcattg tcgcgtcaca 4500 cacaatcact tgtgtatgaa actgtgaaag aggacgatgt aagcaaagag atcagggaaa 4560 gtgccgcgct tacgaaggcg gctttggcaa gattttttgt tactgagacc gtcttatgac 4620 ggtttcggtc taggtttgat gtctttagac atcatgaagg gccttgcgcc gttccagatt 4680 caggtacgat tacggacttg gagatgtggt acgacgcttt gtttccggga aattcgttaa 4740 gagactcaag cctagacggg tatttggtgg caacgactga ttgcaatttg cgattagaca 4800 atgttacgat caaaagtgga aactggaaag acaagtttgc tgaaaaagaa acgtttctga 4860 aaccggttat tcgtactgct atgcctgaca aaaggaagac tactcagttg gagagtttgt 4920 tagcattgca gaaaaggaac caagcggcac ccgatctaca agaaaatgtg cacgcgacag 4980 ttctaatcga agagacgatg aagaagctga aatctgttgt ctacgatgtg ggaaaaattc 5040 gggctgatcc tattgtcaat agagctcaaa tggagagatg gtggagaaat caaagcacag 5100 cggtacaggc taaggtagta gcagatgtga gagagttaca tgaaatagac tattcgtctt 5160 acatgtatat gatcaaatct gacgtgaaac ctaagactga tttaacaccg caatttgaat 5220 actcagctct acagactgtt gtgtatcacg agaagttgat caactcgttg ttcggtccaa 5280 ttttcaaaga aattaatgaa cgcaagttgg atgctatgca accacatttt gtgttcaaca 5340 cgagaatgac atcgagtgat ttaaacgatc gagtgaagtt cttaaatacg gaagcggctt 5400 acgactttgt tgagatagac atgtctaaat tcgacaagtc ggcaaatcgc ttccatttac 5460 aactgcagct ggagatttac aggttatttg ggctggatga gtgggcggcc ttcctttggg 5520 aggtgtcgca cactcaaact actgtgagag atattcaaaa tggtatgatg gcgcatattt 5580 ggtaccaaca aaagagtgga gatgctgata cttataatgc aaattcagat agaacactgt 5640 gtgcactctt gtctgaatta ccattggaga aagcagtcat ggttacatat ggaggagatg 5700 actcactgat tgcgtttcct agaggaacgc agtttgttga tccgtgtcca aagttggcta 5760 ctaagtggaa tttcgagtgc aagattttta agtacgatgt cccaatgttt tgtgggaagt 5820 tcttgcttaa gacgtcatcg tgttacgagt tcgtgccaga tccggtaaaa gttctgacga 5880 agttggggaa aaagagtata aaggatgtgc aacatttagc cgagatctac atctcgctga 5940 atgattccaa tagagctctt gggaactaca tggtggtatc caaactgtcc gagtctgttt 6000 cagaccggta tttgtacaaa ggtgattctg ttcatgcgct ttgtgcgcta tggaagcata 6060 ttaagagttt tacagctctg tgtacattat tccgagacga aaacgataag gaattgaacc 6120 cggctaaggt tgattggaag aaggcacaga gagctgtgtc aaacttttac gactggtaat 6180 atggaagaca agtcattggt caccttgaag aagaagactt tcgaagtctc aaaattctca 6240 aatctagggg ccattgaatt gtttgtggac ggtaggagga agagaccgaa gtattttcac 6300 agaagaagag aaactgtcct aaatcatgtt ggtgggaaga agagtgaaca caagttagac 6360 gtttttgacc aaagggatta caaaatgatt aaatcttacg cgtttctaaa ggtagtaggt 6420 gtacaactag ttgtaacatc acatctacct gcagatacgc ctgggttcat tcaaatcgat 6480 ctgttggatt cgagacttac tgagaaaaga aagagaggaa agactattca gagattcaaa 6540 gctcgagctt gcgataactg ttcagttgcg cagtacaagg ttgaatacag tatttccaca 6600 caggagaacg tacttgatgt ctggaaggtg ggttgtattt ctgagggcgt tccggtctgt 6660 gacggtacat accctttcag tatcgaagtg tcgctaatat gggttgctac tgattcgact 6720 aggcgcctca atgtggaaga actgaacagt tcggattaca ttgaaggcga ttttaccgat 6780 caagaggttt tcggtgagtt catgtctttg aaacaagtgg agatgaagac gattgaggcg 6840 aagtacgatg gtccttacag accagctact actagaccta agtcattatt gtcaagtgaa 6900 gatgttaaga gagcgtctaa taagaaaaac tcgtcttaat gcataaagaa atttattgtc 6960 aatatgacgt gtgtactcaa gggttgtgtg aatgaagtca ctgttcttgg tcacgagacg 7020 tgtagtatcg gtcatgctaa caaattgcga aagcaagttg ctgacatggt tggtgtcaca 7080 cgtaggtgtg cggaaaataa ttgtggatgg tttgtctgtg ttgttatcaa tgattttact 7140 tttgatgtgt ataattgttg tggccgtagt caccttgaaa agtgtcgtaa acgtgttgaa 7200 acaagaaatc gagaaatttg gaaacaaatt cgacgaaatc aagctgaaaa catgtctgcg 7260 acagctaaaa agtctcataa ttcgaagacc tctaagaaga aattcaaaga ggacagagaa 7320 tttgggacac caaaaagatt tttaagagat gatgttcctt tcgggattga tcgtttgttt 7380 gctttttgat tttattttat attgttatct gtttctgtgt atagactgtt tgagattggc 7440 gcttggccga ctcattgtct taccataggg gaacggactt tgtttgtgtt gttattttat 7500 ttgtatttta ttaaaattct caatgatctg aaaaggcctc gaggctaaga gattattggg 7560 gggtgagtaa gtacttttaa agtgatgatg gttacaaagg caaaaggggt aaaacccctc 7620 gcctacgtaa gcgttattac gcccggatcc cccggggagc tcgaattcgc tgaaatcacc 7680 agtctctctc tacaaatcta tctctctcta ttttttccat aaataatgtg tgagtagttt 7740 cccgataagg gaaattaggg ttcttatagg gtttcgctca tgtgttgagc atataagaaa 7800 cccttagtat gtatttgtat ttgtaaaata cttctattat caataaaatt tctaattcct 7860 aaaaccaaaa tccagtacta aaatccagat ctcctaaagt ccctatagat ctttgtcgtg 7920 aatataaacc agacacgaga cgactaaacc tggagcccag acgccgttcg aagctagaag 7980 taccgcttag gcaggaggcc gttagggaaa agatgctaag gcagggttgg ttacgttgac 8040 tcccccgtag gtttggttta aatatgatga agtggacgga aggaaggagg aagacaagga 8100 aggataaggt tgcaggccct gtgcaaggta agaagatgga aatttgatag aggtacgcta 8160 ctatacttat actatacgct aagggaatgc ttgtatttat accctatacc ccctaataac 8220 cccttatcaa tttaagaaat aatccgcata agcccccgct taaaaattgg tatcagagcc 8280 atgaataggt ctatgaccaa aactcaagag gataaaacct caccaaaata cgaaagagtt 8340 cttaactcta aagataaaag atctttcaag atcaaaacta gttccctcac accggagcat 8400 gcgatatcct cgacctgcag gcatgcaagc ttggcgtaat catggtcata gctgtttcct 8460 gtgtgaaatt gttatccgct cacaattcca cacaacatac gagccggaag cataaagtgt 8520 aaagcctggg gtgcctaatg agtgagctaa ctcacattaa ttgcgttgcg ctcactgccc 8580 gctttccagt cgggaaacct gtcgtgccag ctgcattaat gaatcggcca acgcgcgggg 8640 agaggcggtt tgcgtattgg gccaaagaca aaagggcgac attcaaccga ttgagggagg 8700 gaaggtaaat attgacggaa attattcatt aaaggtgaat tatcaccgtc accgacttga 8760 gccatttggg aattagagcc agcaaaatca ccagtagcac cattaccatt agcaaggccg 8820 gaaacgtcac caatgaaacc atcgatagca gcaccgtaat cagtagcgac agaatcaagt 8880 ttgcctttag cgtcagactg tagcgcgttt tcatcggcat tttcggtcat agccccctta 8940 ttagcgtttg ccatcttttc ataatcaaaa tcaccg 8976 45 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 45 ggatccgcac acaaggtta 19 46 18 DNA Artificial Sequence Primer 46 gggcgcgccc tcgttaac 18 

What is claimed is:
 1. A nucleic acid vector which comprises: (a) a transfer nucleotide sequence comprising (i) a plant active promoter, operably linked to (ii) a recombinant tobacco rattle virus (TRV) cDNA which includes at least cis acting elements of TRV RNA2 permitting, in the presence of a replicase, replication of said cDNA as a cytoplasmically replicating RNA; a viral subgenomic promoter operably linked to a sequence encoding a TRV coat protein; and a heterologous nucleotide sequence which is foreign to said TRV virus; and (b) border sequences which permit the transfer of the transfer nucleotide sequence into a plant genome.
 2. A vector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the plant promoter is the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene promoter.
 3. A vector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the border sequences are derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
 4. A vector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the replicase is not encoded by the vector.
 5. A vector as claimed in claim 4 wherein non-essential open reading frames (ORFs) are deleted from the recombinant TRV cDNA.
 6. A vector as claimed in claim 5 wherein the 37K and 32.8K ORFs are deleted from the recombinant TRV cDNA.
 7. A process for gene silencing which comprises the of step introducing a vector as claimed in claim 4 into plant tissue, and optionally further includes the step of introducing one or more proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 into the plant tissue, wherein expression of said vector causes down-regulation of expression of said gene in said plant tissue.
 8. A vector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heterologous nucleotide sequence is a multiple cloning site.
 9. A vector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heterologous nucleotide sequence does not include, and is not operably linked to, a subgenomic promoter.
 10. A vector as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heterologous nucleotide sequence is a targeting sequence which corresponds to a sequence in a target gene.
 11. A vector as claimed in claim 10 wherein the target gene is a plant nuclear gene.
 12. A vector as claimed in claim 10 wherein the targeting sequence which corresponds to a conserved sequence of a target gene.
 13. A process for producing a vector as claimed in claim 10, which process comprises the step of cloning a heterologous nucleotide sequence which is a targeting sequence into a mutiple cloning site in the vector.
 14. A method of silencing a target gene in a plant tissue using viral induced gene silencing (VIGS), which method comprises the step of introducing a vector claimed in claim 10 into the plant tissue, wherein the plant tissue is Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiian, wherein expression of in said vector causes down-regulation of expression of said target gene.
 15. A method as claimed in claim 14 for achieving substantially confluent VIGS of the target gene across a leaf.
 16. A method as claimed in claim 14 for achieving VIGS of a target in meristematic tissue.
 17. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein the vector is introduced by Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transfer.
 18. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein the recombinant TRV cDNA in the vector is derived from TRV RNA2, and proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 are also introduced into the plant tissue.
 19. A method as claimed in claim 18 wherein proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 are introduced by rub-inoculating the plant with purified TRV RNA1.
 20. A method as claimed in claim 18 wherein proteins encoded by TRV RNA1 are introduced by transient Agrobacterium mediated expression in the plant of plasmid pBINTRA6.
 21. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein the plant tissue is Arabidopsis thaliana.
 22. A method of characterising a target gene, which method comprises the steps of: a (a) silencing the target gene in a part, or at a certain development stage, of a plant using a method as claimed in claim 14, (b) observing the phenotype of the part of the plant in which or when the target gene has been silenced.
 23. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the target gene is an essential gene.
 24. A method of altering the phenotype of a plant comprising the step of silencing a target gene in the plant using a method as claimed in claim 14, wherein expression of said vector in said plant tissue silences said target gene thereby altering the phenotype of said plant.
 25. A vector as claimed in claim 1 which is an expression vector.
 26. A vector as claimed in claim 1 which is a viral induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector.
 27. A method for gene silencing which comprises causing or allowing transcription from a vector as claimed in claim 1 in plant tissue such as to produce a cytoplasically-replicating RNA, wherein expression of said replicating RNA in said plant tissue causes down-regulation of expression of said gene.
 28. A virus or viral particle which comprises an encapsulated RNA transcript from a vector as claimed in claim
 1. 29. A kit comprising a vector as claimed in claim 1 further including at least one of a source of TRV RNA1 polypeptide or a vector encoding said polypeptide.
 30. A host cell comprising a vector as claimed in claim
 1. 31. Plant tissue comprising or transiently transformed by a vector as claimed in claim
 1. 32. A vector which is pTV00, SEQ ID NO:
 37. 